Class 12 Physics Handwritten Notes | [Chapterwise] | PDF

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Class 12 Physics Handwritten Notes

Presenting 12th Handwritten Notes on Physics For you. If you are a student going to write your board exams or a person who is trying to know physics in simple and clear way then this place of yours.

These Class 12 Physics Handwritten Notes aim in simplifying your learning experience, providing chapter-wise and easy-to-understand explanations for every topic of the syllabus.

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Class 12 Physics Handwritten Notes – Complete Chapter-wise Notes

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Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields

Electric Charge

It is the property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. This can be good or bad.

Every charge repels every other charge of the same sign, and attracts us that was not established.

Coulomb’s Law- The force between 2 point charges is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of the distance b/w them.

Formula: 𝐹=𝑘. ^𝑞1𝑞2/_𝑟2

Here, 𝑘=9×10⁹Nm²/_C²

Electric Field

The electric field refers to the area surrounding a charge that exerts force on other charges.

Formula: 𝐸=^𝐹/_𝑞

Electric field due to a point charge: 𝐸 = 𝑘 ^𝑞/_{𝑟 ²}

Electric Dipole

An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges being separated by a very small distance.

It is a vector quantity, defined as p=q×d where the direction is from negative charge to positive charge.

Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electrostatic Potential

Electrostatic potential at a point in space is the work done (in joule) in bringing one unit positive charge from infinity to that point.

V=k^q/_r Formula for Potential Energy

Potential Energy in an Electric Field

The potential energy of the system will be as same as Work done in assembling the charges from infinity.

equation: U=k^q1q2/_r

Capacitors

A capacitor is simple a component that can store electric energy in the form of an electrical charge.

Capacitance -Charge Stored on one of the plate /PD between two plates

Calculation: C=Q/V

Parallel Plate Capacitor: 𝐶 = 𝜀0.^𝐴/_𝑑, where 𝐴 is the area of the plates and 𝑑 is the separation between them.

Chapter 3: Current Electricity

Electric Current

Current is the electric charge flow.

Definition: I = charge / time = Q/T (formula)

Ohm’s Law: The current I flowing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage V across the two points.

Formula: V=IR

Resistance and Resistivity

Resistor: A device introduced into a circuit to provide resistance.

Resistance: Opposition to the flow of current.

Formula:𝑅=^𝜌𝐿/_𝐴

Here, 𝜌 is resistivity, 𝐿 is the length of the conductor, and 𝐴 is the cross-sectional area.

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): The total current flow entering and leaving a node is zero.

Kirchoff’s Voltage Law(KVL): The algebraic sum of all the potential differences in any closed loop ∑ V = 0.

Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

Magnetic Field

Moving charges (electric currents):Moving charges or electric current creates a magnetic field.

The Biot Savart Law gives the strength of the magnetic field at a point due to current carrying conductor.

Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field

A charged particle moving in a magnetic field have force acting perpendicular to both the direction of applied magnetic field and the velocity of the charge.

F = q (v x B)

Magnetic Field Due to a Current Element

The Ampère’s Circuital law is used to determine the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying conductor at a point in space.

Equation: ∮B⋅dl=μ₀I

Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter

Magnetic Dipole

A magnetic dipole, in a theoretical sense, is thought to be akin to two equal but diaphanous and yet opposite magnetic poles separated by an infinitesimally small distance.

Earth’s Magnetism

Around this we have the Earth, functioning as a magnet, and whose magnetic field is oriented roughly according to the axis of rotation.

Magnetic Properties of Materials

Diamagnetic: Materials having no unpaired electron that are repelled by the magnetic field.

Paramagnetic: Materials with unpaired electrons that are weakly attracted to a magnetic field (e.g. [Cl(H₂O)₆]²⁺)

Ferromagnetic: Materials like iron that shows strong magnetic properties.

Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction

Whenever there is a change in magnetic flux passing through a circuit, the cause of the EMF will be induced.

Formula: ε=−^dΦB/_dt

Lenz’s Law

The induced EMF is in a direction to oppose the change in magnetic flux.

Self-Induction and Mutual Induction

Self-Induction: The induction of an EMF in a circuit from alterations in the current within the same circuit.

Mutual Induction: Induction of an EMF in a circuit ascribed to change in current existing in the near by written, The cross-coupling between the windings produces mutual induction.

Chapter 7: Alternating Current

Alternating Current (AC)

AC, through alternating direction frequently changes the flow path.

Formula is: I=I₀sin⁡(ωt)

AC Circuit with Resistor, Capacitor, and Inductor

Resistor: In an AC circuit, the voltage and current are in phase.

Capacitor: The current through the capacitor leads the voltage across it by 90^∘.

Inductor: The voltage leads the current by 90^∘.

Power in AC Circuits

The average power in an AC circuit is given by 𝑃 = 𝑉 _rms 𝐼 _rms cos 𝜙, where 𝜙 is the phase angle.

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves

Nature of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic Waves: An electromagnetic wave is a time changing electric and magnetic fields that travel through space; the change of the electric /magnetic field occurs not in localized as it does for other waves, but across all locations. As we know that this has an amplitude, frequency or wavelength.

Formula: 𝑐 = ¹/_{√𝜇0.𝜀0}​, where 𝑐 c is the speed of light.

Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves

These include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays; each of them has different wavelengths (or frequencies).

Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Reflection of Light

Reflection Laws: Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection.

Refraction of Light

The Snell’s law: sine of the angle of incidence / (sine of the angle of refraction ) = constant.

Formula: ^sin⁡i/_sin⁡r=ⁿ²/_n1

Optical Instruments

Microscope: Magnification = M= ν/u×D/f

Telescope: M = f_objective/f_eyepiece.

Chapter 10: Wave Optics

Huygens’ Principle

Each point on wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets

Interference of Light

If beams from two coherent waves overlap and their phases differ by pi, they will interfere destructively.

Diffraction and Polarization

Diffraction: Light waves bend around obstacles.

Polarization: Transformation of random light into polarized state.

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Photoelectric Effect

If you shine light on a metal surface, electrons are emitted from the surface.

Einstein’s equation: E = hν = W + Kmax

Matter Waves

Broglie’s Hypothesis: Any moving particle has a wave associated to it.

λ=p/h

Chapter 12: Atoms

Rutherford’s Model

The majority of the weight of an atom is in a dense specialist headquarters that is certainly absolutely charged.

Bohr’s Model

Electrons circling the nucleus are static in fixed orbits, which is why energy is quantized.

Formula: 𝐸_𝑛 = −13.6/𝑛² ​ eV for hydrogen-like atoms.

Chapter 13: Nuclei

Nuclear Structure

Nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons (collectively called nucleons).

Radioactivity

Spontaneous emission of particles or radiation from an unstable nucleus.

Nuclear Fission and Fusion

Fission: Splitting a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei.

Fusion: Merging two light nuclei to generate a nucleus of higher mass.

Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors

Intrinsic: Pure semi-conductors.

Extrinsic: Silicon impregnated with an another element to make it a better conductor.

p-n Junction Diode

A diode is the device that allows current flow in one direction only.

Chapter 15: Communication Systems

Modulation

Amplitude Modulation (AM): Changing the amplitude of the carrier wave.

Frequency Modulation (FM): Changing the frequency of the carrier wave.

Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves

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Chapter – 01 Electric Charge & Field

Class 12 Physics Electric Charge & Field is an important topic. This idea is the basis of all electrical phenomena, describing forces on charged particles.

Electric charge is an intrinsic property of matter and can be either positive or negative. The electric field, on the other hand, exerts a force per unit charge upon charged objects.

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Chapter – 02 Electric Potential And Capacitance

Electric Potential and Capacitance are probably the important concepts in Class 12 Physics. So basically these topics allow us to understand the different ways that electric fields and charges affect each other in some systems.

Reminder (if you forgot): electric potential helps us find out how much energy it would cost to move a charge in an external force field, and capacitance tells us the ability of the system apart from other things.

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Chapter – 03 Current Electricity

Current Electricity is of great importance in Class 12 Physics as it deals with the movement of electric charge through conductors, Ohm’s law & resistivity and also about some vital circuit laws like Kirchhoff’s laws.

This is the basis of comprehending electrical materials and everyday lifeElectricity operated instruments. To stand a chance to pass your exams as well, you have got no choice but However groove this topic area and having great clarity in that is the first step towards making it through!.

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Chapter – 04 Moving Charge & Magnetism

Electric currents produce magnetic fields and this chapter is the first step to coming into terms with (or rather understanding) that.

This sets the stage for items like electromagnetic induction, magnetic force and so on. For scoring the highest marks in this chapter you should well structured study material.

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Chapter – 05 Magnetism & Matter

Chapter Notes: Magnetism & Matter, one of the most important chapters in Class 12 Physics which play a crucial role where your understanding capability gets tested.

By understanding these properties, concerning the reactions of iron / nickel and cobalt are with magnetic fields that can also help in explaining diamagnetism, paramagnetisim as well as ferromagntisim – which all three forms a huge part within physics.

In addition, this chapter discusses the Earth’s magnetism and magnetic dipoles which is important for theoretical to practical applications.

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Chapter – 06 Electromagnetic Induction (EMI)

Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) is a core class 12 physics chapter that explains how an electric current in one conductor causes the production of eddy currents and heat. It is the very principle on which many technologies, such as electric generators, transformers and inductors are based.

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Chapter – 07 Alternative Current (AC)

Another important topic in Class 12 Physics is AC (Alternating Current), where you learn how electric current changes direction periodically.

AC is common in domestic power supply systems because it changes flow direction (alternates) 50 or 60 times a second.

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Chapter – 08 Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic spectrum and electromagnetic waves are one of the most significant topics in Class 12 Physics, which comprises as to how electric and magnetic fields oscillate collectively forming a wave that propagates through space.

An example of such waves is light, radio waves and X-rays which are responsible for telecommunications and furthermore play fundamental part in modern technology.

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Chapter – 09 Ray Optical Instruments

Ray Optical Instruments – We bring to you our detailed guide on Ray Optical… To learn things like magnification, effective focal length and image formation one needs to understand the behavior of light as well its interaction with optical instruments.

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Chapter – 10 Wave Optics

Wave optics is an intriguing chapter of Class 12 Physics that studies the propagation and behavior of light as it encounters obstacles, giving rise to effects like interference, diffraction waves (related links)and polarization.

It is very important to know these terminologies in depth, it will help us a lot while studying the principles of wave nature of light.

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Chapter – 11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter is an interesting aspect in Class 12 Physics. Which speaks about the fact that particles like electrons as well light are both with wave nature and particle nature.

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Chapter – 12 Atoms

In this comprehensive guide on Atoms! Here, we will explore the basic unit of matter — Elements and make an iteration through its architecture, properties/attributes etc.

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Chapter – 13 Nuclei

Nuclei – This is a very important concept which you should know for Class 12 level nuclear physics. Atomic nuclei give us insight not just into the fundamental constituents of matter, but also in to how they can interact through nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion.

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Chapter – 14 Semiconductor

If you are getting started with semiconductors and want to have a good basic understanding, You came on the right place! Semiconductors are an important concept for understanding modern electronics. Therefore they find a place in the syllabus of Class 12 Physics.

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Chapter – 15 Communication System

In the current world of today, communication is very important. And you cannot talk about how information gets to long distance without understanding Communication System.

Systems based on radio wave, satellite and fiber optics are one of the foundations for modern technology. The Communication System is a major area for someone, who has to develop the concepts with his Class 12 exams.

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